Historical Background

Enugu State (Igbo: Ȯra Enugu) is a state in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered to the north by the states of Benue and Kogi, Ebonyi State to the east and southeast, Abia State to the south, and Anambra State to the west. The state takes its name from its capital and largest city, Enugu. The city acquired township status in 1917 and was called Enugwu-Ngwo. Due to the rapid expansion towards areas owned by other indigenous communities, it was renamed Enugu in 1928.
Of the 36 states, Enugu is the 29th largest in area and 22nd most populous with an estimated population of over 4.4 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Niger Delta swamp forests in the far south and the drier Guinean forest-savanna mosaic with some savanna in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Udi-Nsukka Plateau and Ekulu River, which flows through the city of Enugu.

Modern-day Enugu State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, primarily the Igbo people with minorities of Idoma and Igala peoples in Etteh Uno a community in Igbo Eze North Local Government Area. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Enugu State was a part of the medieval Kingdom of Nri and the Arochukwu-based Aro Confederacy before the latter was defeated in the early 1900s by British troops in the Anglo-Aro War. After the war, the British incorporated the area into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was later merged into British Nigeria in 1914; after the merger, Enugu became a symbol of anti-colonial resistance after the 1949 massacre of striking coal miners in the Iva Valley.

After independence in 1960, the area of what is now Enugu was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until May 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the East Central State. Less than two months afterward, the former Eastern Region attempted to secede in the three-year-long Nigerian Civil War with what is now Enugu State as a part of the secessionist state of Biafra.

The city of Enugu was named the Biafran capital until October 1967 when it was captured by federal forces; the rest of the state was hard-fought over but much of it fell by June 1968. At the war’s end and the reunification of Nigeria, the East Central State was reformed until 1976 when Anambra State (including what is now Enugu) was formed by the Murtala Muhammed regime. Fifteen years afterward, Anambra State was divided with the eastern part being broken off to form the new Enugu State; in 1996, part of Enugu State’s east was removed to form a part of the new Ebonyi State.

Economically, Enugu State is based around trading, manufacturing mainly plastic manufacturing (but recently, China opened a factory called Dongfeng) and services along with agriculture, mainly yams, rice, cocoyam, oil palm, and cassava. A key minor industry was mining, especially of coal in the Udi Hills around the city of Enugu. Enugu State has the tenth highest Human Development Index in the country and is considered the heart of Igboland, the cultural region of ethnically Igbo areas.

Geography

Enugu State is one of the states in the eastern part of Nigeria located at the foot of the Udi Plateau. The state shares borders with Abia State for about 25 km to the south, Ebonyi State to the east, Benue State to the northeast for 84 km, Kogi State to the northwest for 112 km (70 miles) and Anambra State to the west for 139 km (86 miles).

Enugu, the capital city of Enugu State, is on the railroad from Port Harcourt, 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest, and at the intersection of roads from Aba, Onitsha, and Abakaliki. It is approximately 4 hours drive away from Port Harcourt, where coal shipments exited Nigeria. Enugu is also located within an hour’s drive from Onitsha, one of the biggest commercial cities in Africa, and two hours drive from Aba, another very large commercial city, both of which are trading centers in Nigeria. The average temperature in this city is cooler to mild ~17°C (60°F) in its cooler months and gets warmer to hot in its warmer months ~28°C (upper 80°F).

Enugu has good soil-land and climatic conditions all year round, sitting at about 223 meters (732 ft) above sea level, and the soil is well-drained during its rainy seasons. The mean temperature in Enugu State in the hottest month of February is about 87.16 °F (30.64 °C), while the lowest temperatures occur in November, reaching 60.54 °F (15.86 °C). The lowest rainfall of about 0.16 cubic centimeters (0.0098 cu in) is normal in February, while the highest is about 35.7 cubic centimeters (2.18 cu in) in July.

Climate

Enugu state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city’s yearly temperature is 28.27°C (82.89°F) and it is -1.19% lower than Nigeria’s averages. Enugu typically receives about 158.57 millimeters (6.24 inches) of precipitation and has 192.73 rainy days (52.8% of the time) annually.

Politics

The State Government and the Local Government are the two levels of government in Enugu State and in all other states of Nigeria. Peter Mbah is the current executive governor of Enugu State. He was elected by the people in April 2023 and was sworn in on 29 May 2023 Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi is the immediate past governor succeeding Sullivan Chime.

Chime was elected by the people of Enugu State in April 2007 and was sworn into office on 29 May 2007. The governor is above a group of commissioners who he has placed as heads of ministries that oversee various portfolios such as Health and Housing; both the governor and the commissioners form the Executive Council of Enugu State. Government House, Enugu is where the government of the state is based.

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

Economy

Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial proportion of its working population engaged in farming, although trading (18.8%) and services (12.9%) are also important. In the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation, followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in manufacturing activities, with the most pronounced among them located in Enugu, Oji, Ohebedim, and Nsukka.

The state boasts of a number of markets, especially at each of the divisional headquarters, prominent of which is the Ogbete Main market in the State capital, Enugu. There is also one of the largest grains markets East of the Niger, the Orie Orba Market which plays host to most farmers from the North Central States of Benue, Kogi, Nassaraw,a and Plateau who use the market to dispose of their produce for consumers in South-East and South-Southern Nigeria. Every four days, grains and other farm produce are found in large quantities and at highly competitive prices.

Natural resources

The following Natural Resources are found in Enugu State:

  • Coal
  • Lead
  • Zinc
  • Limestone

Education in Enugu State

Enugu State is a leading educational hub in Nigeria, offering a wide range of learning opportunities for students at all levels. From primary and secondary education to world-class tertiary institutions, the state is committed to fostering academic excellence and innovation.

Primary and Secondary Education

Every community in Enugu State is equipped with at least one government-funded Primary/Elementary School and Secondary School, ensuring access to quality education for all. In addition to public schools, the state boasts a large number of private nursery, and primary, and secondary schools, providing diverse educational options for families.

Notable Secondary Schools in Enugu State

  • Command Day Secondary School, Enugu
  • Federal Government College, Enugu
  • Queen’s School, Enugu: A prominent high school for girls in the Eastern region.
  • St. Theresa’s College, Nsukka
  • Special Science Boys’ Secondary School, Agbani
  • St. Patrick’s Secondary School, Emene
  • College of Immaculate Conception, Enugu
  • Seat of Wisdom Secondary School, Trans Ekulu, Enugu
  • Osisatech Boys Secondary School
  • Awgu County College, Nenwe
  • Community Secondary School, Ugbo-Okpala, Ugbo
  • Corpus Christi College, Achi
  • Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka

Tertiary Education: A Legacy of Excellence

Enugu State is home to some of Nigeria’s most prestigious universities, polytechnics, and specialized institutions, offering a wide range of academic and professional programs.

Public Tertiary Institutions

  • University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN): Nigeria’s first indigenous university, renowned for its academic excellence and research contributions.
  • Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT): A leading institution for science and technology education.
  • Institute of Management and Technology (IMT): A top polytechnic offering cutting-edge technical and management programs.
  • Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO): Specializing in cooperative studies and entrepreneurship.
  • Enugu State College of Education Technical, Enugu: A hub for teacher training and technical education.
  • Federal School of Dental Technology & Therapy, Enugu: A specialized institution for dental health education.
  • Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu: A key center for teacher training and educational development.

Private Tertiary Institutions

  • Caritas University, Amorji-Nike: A Catholic university founded by Rev. Fr. Edeh, offering a range of academic programs.
  • Renaissance University, Ugbawka: A private university known for its innovative approach to education.
  • Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology, Enugu: A leading private institution for science and technology studies.

Specialized Training and Computer Education

Enugu State is also a center for specialized training, with numerous private computer schools and training centers concentrated in Enugu and Nsukka. These institutions provide essential skills in information technology, business, and vocational training, equipping students for the modern workforce.

Why Enugu State Stands Out in Education

  • Diverse Educational Options: From public to private institutions, Enugu offers a wide range of schools and programs.
  • Legacy of Excellence: Home to Nigeria’s first indigenous university and other renowned institutions.
  • Focus on Innovation: Emphasis on science, technology, and vocational training to meet global demands.
  • Accessible Education: Schools and institutions are spread across the state, ensuring access for all communities.

Enugu State’s commitment to education makes it a top destination for students and scholars seeking quality learning experiences. Whether you’re pursuing primary, secondary, or tertiary education, Enugu State provides the resources, institutions, and opportunities to help you achieve your academic goals.

Healthcare in Enugu State

Enugu State is a leading destination for quality healthcare in Nigeria, offering a robust network of public and private medical institutions. From world-class teaching hospitals to accessible community health centers, the state is equipped to meet the healthcare needs of its residents and visitors.

Key Healthcare Institutions in Enugu State

Public Healthcare Facilities

  1. University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH):
    • One of Nigeria’s foremost teaching hospitals, renowned for its advanced medical care, research, and training.
    • Offers specialized services in various fields of medicine.
  2. Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and College of Medicine (ESUTH):
    • Located in Enugu, the state capital, this hospital is popularly known as Park Lane Hospital.
    • Provides comprehensive medical services and serves as a training ground for future healthcare professionals.

  3. District Hospitals:

    • Seven district hospitals strategically located across the state:
      • Enugu-Urban
      • Udi
      • Agbani
      • Awgu
      • Ikem
      • Enugu-Ezike
      • Nsukka
    • These hospitals ensure accessible healthcare for residents in both urban and rural areas.

  4. Community Health Centers:

    • At least one health center or cottage hospital in each of the 17 Local Government Areas and 39 Development Centers.
    • Focus on primary healthcare services, including maternal and child health, immunizations, and basic treatments.

  5. University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH):

    • A specialized institution providing veterinary care and training.

Private Healthcare Facilities

Enugu State is home to numerous private hospitals and clinics, offering high-quality medical services with modern facilities. Notable private institutions include:

  • Niger Foundation Hospital: A leading private hospital known for its excellence in healthcare delivery.
  • Other Private Clinics and Hospitals: Provide a wide range of specialized and general medical services.

Why Enugu State Stands Out in Healthcare

  • Comprehensive Healthcare Network: From teaching hospitals to community health centers, Enugu State ensures healthcare access for all.
  • World-Class Medical Training: Institutions like UNTH and ESUTH contribute to the training of skilled healthcare professionals.
  • Focus on Accessibility: Health centers and district hospitals bring healthcare closer to rural communities.
  • Private Sector Excellence: Private hospitals like Niger Foundation Hospital complement public healthcare services, offering advanced treatments and personalized care.

Transport

Three Federal Highways:

  • A3 north from Abia State via Enugu and Ngwo to Benue State,
  • A232 (part of Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) east from Anambra State at Ugwuoba to Enugu,
  • A343 continues TAH8 from Enugu to Ebonyi State.

Other major highways include:

  • the Enugu Ezike-Obolo Rd northwest from A3 at Obolo,
  • the Obolo-Idah Rd west from A3 at Obolo and north via Enugu-Ezike and Unadu to Kogi State at Akpanya,
  • the Obolo-Afor-Nkalagu Rd southeast from A3 at Obolo via Obolo Eke to Ebonyi State near Eha Amufu,
  • the Nsukka-Onitsha Rd southwest from Nsukka to Anambra State at Adani as the Adani Rd,
  • the Ekwegbe-Effokwo Rd north from A3 in Enugu to A3 in Opi as the Amangwu Rd,
  • the Enugu Rd north from A3 in Opi to Nsukka,
  • the Enugu-Otukpo Rd south from A3 at Opi to Idedu as the Nsukka Rd,
  • the Mbalaze-Udi Rd east from Idedu via Ozalla on the A3, Agbani, Amagunze and Iheuokpara to Ebonyi State as the Omomiko or Isu-Ndiagu-Amagunze Rd,
  • the Udi-Ngwo Rd east from A232 near Ojinato via Oji River to Idedu as the Mbalazw-Udi or Old Enugu-Onitsha Rd.

Railways:

the Cape Gauge Eastern Line is 240 km from Port Harcourt to Enugu which connects with Aba and Umuahia.

Airport:

Akanu Ibiam International Airport, closed for renovation February-December 2010

Religion

Enugu State is predominantly Christian. There are few adherents of traditional religion, and people from Northern and Western Nigeria practice Islam and Pentecostalism.

Conclusion

Enugu State, often regarded as the heart of Igboland, holds historical, economic, and cultural significance in Nigeria. Its rich history spans from the pre-colonial era, through British colonial rule, to its role in the Nigerian Civil War and its eventual statehood. Enugu’s economy is driven by agriculture, trading, and manufacturing, while its once-thriving coal industry played a crucial role in its early development.

The state’s favorable climate and fertile land support its agrarian activities, while its well-developed transport network enhances commerce and connectivity. Enugu is also a hub for education and healthcare, hosting prestigious institutions such as the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and major hospitals like the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital.

Politically, it follows Nigeria’s democratic framework, with governance structured at state and local levels. The people of Enugu are predominantly Christians, reflecting the strong influence of Christianity in the region. Overall, Enugu State stands as a historically rich, economically vibrant, and culturally significant region in Nigeria.